Analysis of Attack Tree Methodology

Analysis of encounter Tree Methodology tuition technology (IT) Security has bewilder more and more important today when as e-commerce is becoming increasingly popular. People in developed countries like America and throughout European countries work been exposed to online trading for a long time this trend is to a fault taking off in developing countries in other parts of the world. in like manner its importance toward business enterprise activities, IT security also plays a pivotal role in protecting individuals, fundamental laws assets, which ar in truth parts of the business operations. Variety methods of securing business draw a bead on in been developed and implemented successfully. Attack Trees is one of those. Not unless in Information Technology, Attack Trees is also applicable to security problems in a wide range of fields including telecommunications, health care, finance, critical infrastructure, aerospace, intelligence and defense.To secure your business against impending risks, you first occupy to define all kinds of possible risks and path behaviors that those risks strength be realized. Acknowledging risks and how they might happen, you will be able to develop measures to fight against or mitigate them. This is also what Attack Trees helps clarify. Attack Trees is a formal, convenient way to methodically categorize the different ship posterioral (how the risks happen) in which a system can be attacked1 (risks). Attack manoeuvres are a graphical and mathematical score utilize toIdentify potential hostile activities that pose the greatest risk to the defenderDetermine effective (and cost effective) strategies for reducing the defenders risk to an acceptable take aimDescribe the potential interactions between the adversary and the defenderProvide a communication mechanism for security analystsCapture what is known (facts) and believed (assumptions) about the system and its adversaries, and put in the information in a form that can subsequently be retrieved and understood by others2Attack tree models are graphical diagrams representing the choices and goals available to an attacker. They are represented in a tree structure, in which the root node of the tree is the global goal of an attacker and flicker nodes are different slipway of achieving that goal. In an attack tree, children of the root node are refinements of the global goal, and leaf nodes represent attacks that can no longer be refined. A refinement can be conjunctive (AND) or disjunctive (OR). Figure 1 shows an example of an attack tree with the goal of the attacker is to obtain a free lunch3. The tree lists three possible ways to reach this goal. Lower levels in the tree explain how these sub-goals are refined. The arc connecting the children nodes expresses that this is a conjunctive (AND) refinement, which means that all sub-goals rush to be fulfilled. Refinements without such a connecting arc are disjunctive (OR), expressing that satisfying o ne sub-goal sufficesThe strength of the attack tree methodology lies in the fact that its graphical, structure tree notation is easy to understand to practitioners, yet also promising for tool builders and theoreticians attempting to partially automate the threat analysis process. More and more look for papers have been used attack trees in modeling security threat of information system. Over the last year, over 15,000 articles on Google Scholar4 have been used the attack tree technique in some way. The way this technique is used now is usually by assigning different kinds of values to the leaf nodes (for example, possible and impossible, expansive and inexpensive, cost to attack, probability of success of a given attack, etc.) then propagating node values up the tree following some rules. found on that calculation, people can make some statements about attacks, for example, what is the cheapest low-risk attack or most likely non-intrusive attack5.In retrospect mortalal experien ces, we notice that what we have done in the past and until now are closely related to what is presented in Attack Trees model, although back by that time, we were not exposed to concept of Attack Trees, but the approach is basically the same. It was when we worked on a project and had to define all possible risks/threats that might happen and how we can take mitigate actions against those risks. The hardly thing that we had not paid enough attention to, and was actually very important thing, was how all those risks might happen. Failing to do this costs us a lot later on when the risk did happen in a way that we had not thought of, so did not develop appropriate apparent movement of actions and we were passively react to it. It was when we were developing an online testing system to help students prepare for entrance exam to universities6. We would have a strong team of excellent teachers from many an(prenominal) famous schools build the test content and have a team of people to import those tests, including answers (multiple choice format), into the system. We conducted training for importing team. (Also, the importing work did take a lot of time so we could not talk all the teachers into it). Things went well until the day we actually launched the Beta version. We had volunteers, who were actual pupils, do the test it was nil better for them to take free tests and receive free feedbacks. But when it came to result announce and feedbacks were given to those pupils, everything was just totally wrong many of student answers, which were actually correct, were marked incorrect and the must-be-correct answers given by the system were actually incorrect. Recalling that single day, it was a BIG shame on us, the team who worked on the project. We had a person head of quality control who would make sure that all the tests designed, including questions and answers, are without mistakes. We were very strict on that. We also had a head of training division who wil l make sure that our mates, who performed importing job, do their job carefully and without mistakes. Random test were taken earlier we launched the first version and things were all dismissal very well. We developed risk monitoring blocks and figure 2 is shown as an example. For a risk that the test is invalidate, we clarified three possible reasons design problem, importing problem and system problem. The reasons are then tracked further along blocks which are colored accordingly. So to prevent or mitigate the risk, we only need to make sure that our teacher quality is excellent, our training and importing job are done beautifully and our system will not malfunction. But we only did to the extent that, for example, as long as our collaborators work diligently and carefully, mistakes would largely be avoided. Later on, we found out the root of the problem was that one of our collaborator was person from our main competitor and he purposely destroyed our system by changing all co rrect answers just a night before the free testing event. This was the thing that we had never thought of. We did not think that we had problem right from the collaborators recruitment and that this might had been one of many possible ways that can invalidate our test bank. Until then did we know that what we called in general collaborators quality is not limited to the fact that whether they were capable of understanding and doing the job, but also including their working ethic. Consequently, we were left with everything beginning from scratch all teachers work was carefully rechecked because we did not know right away what exactly caused the problem. Almost all the import work was deleted and restarted. If we had been able to clarify this possibility, though small, we would have developed action appropriate enough to prevent it, such as lock the system and refuse any access before we launched the first version, this would have saved us money and time and prestige as well. We fina lly were able to offer a running version but it surely had cost us much more resources.7From our personal experience, we see that Attack Trees model is a very utile tool to help organizations in threat detection and appropriate mitigating action development. The model will have important and positive impact on organization business operation in that it help name all possible risks and specific pathways that those risks might become real. From that, it helps determine effective and cost effective strategies to impose risks to an acceptable level. Organizations should adopt Attack Trees model to secure themselves from any uncertainties that may happen.ReferencesAttack trees Modeling security threats. Dr. Dobbs journal Schneider (2005).Attack Trees Analysis, Terrance Ingoldsby on January 16, 2009 http//redteamjournal.com/2009/01/attack-tree-analysis/Mauw, S., Oostdijk, M. (2005) Foundations of Attack Trees Information Security and Cryptology-ICISC 2005 Springerhttp//scholar.google .com/scholar?hl=enq=attack+trees+information+systemas_sdt=2000as_ylo=2009as_vis=0Edge, K. (2007) The Use of Attack and Protection Trees to Analyze Security for an Online Banking System. HICSS 07 Proceedings of the 40th one-year Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.This is how universities in my country recruit prospective students, they do not pocketbook on applications but base on result of actual tests, which are held by the Ministry of Education annually for all participantsOur initial project result to date http//hocmai.vn/

Human Resources in Sri Lankas IT Sector

gentleman Resources in Sri Lankas IT SectorCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONFor an bring forth-up to stand up and expand in the rapidly competitive purlieu dominated by some(prenominal) players, it is paramount for an organization to perform. The organization action would be mea sure enough fit in to several variables such profitability, sales, production quality and market sh be, however, few organizations give prominence for the most cardinal factors which is military man preferences work. concord to HRM commentators retention and ripening of the organization employees argon pivotal for organization carrying out.The everyplaceall purpose of forgiving resource counseling is to ensure that the organization is able to compass their success through people. Ulrich and Lake (1990) states that HRM g all overnances piece of tail be the source of organizational capabilities that allow firms to learn and capitalize on new opportunities. But in the different hand HRM has an ethic al dimension as well, which means it should also concern the rights and necessarily of people in an organization.With the increased competition, globalization, boundless technological advances, -companies atomic number 18 forced to think virtually the factors like HRM, environmentetc to run the extra mile ahead of the new(prenominal)s. Therefore nowadays employers consider investments on the HRM functions be very signifi dissolvet and effective, rather than seeing it as in effect(p) a cost.As it shown above, HRM should be incorporated with each and every function with in an organization. Starting from the recruitment physical process to the training and development, performance appraisal, performance incentives, onward motion system , design of work and working environmentetc should aligned with effective HRM practices as it go out reduce the direct indirect employee grievances which proves in a exceedingly move and pleased workforce, which in turn works on the overall organization performances.When considering the structure of the Human resource counseling, at that place are two categories1. Managerial Functions2. operational functionsFunctions of HRMManagerial Functions Operative FunctionsPlanning Employment Organising Human Resource Directing Development Controlling Compensation Human relations Recent flair in HRM1. Managerial functions It include Planning, organizing, directing and controlling. Planning is the chief(prenominal) activity that a manager has to consider. The management has to decide what to do and how to do to achieve the objective of the organization. wariness uses this process to plan the future of the beau monde, decide what actions they are going to make to avoid difficult problems etc. (Bateman, Snell, 2007). Organizing is established in the internal structure of the organization. It to begin with concerns the flow of information at bottom the comp some(prenominal), division and coordination. Manager has to kn ow what the subordinates can do and what kind of training they need. To achieve the objectives set in the planning process there should be a worthy organization of work. In here the management set the tasks, responsibilities and authorities to the employees. The manager has to discuss the tasks with the employees and has to clarify what to do, how to do and make them understand about the rent out (Allen, G, 1998). Then it is effortless to achieve the objective. Directing is the nigh stage after completing planning and organizing. This is to exe loadion of the plan. It decides the people to achieve the objectives in a correct expression through motif, communication, and leadership. The proper direction of employees will affect the achievement of the objectives. The manager has to have a proper relationship with the employees in the company, and then they can easily direct the employees to achieve the target. Controlling involves checking, verifying and comparing of the actual with the plan that the company set. Actions and operations are modify to identified plans and standards through control. The training programs, conducting interviews, analyzing labor turnover details are some of the controlling functions that a manager can work out. Controlling allows consideration the performance standards within the groups and to do the proper communication.2. Operative functions These activities are associate to specific activities such as, employment, military man resources development, compensation, human relations and recent trends in human resource management. Employment This means securing and employing the people with the relevant qualifications to achieve the organizational objectives. The functions include in employment are, assembly line analysis, human resource planning, recruitment, selection, placement and induction. Human resource development This is the process of improving skills, knowledge, attitudes, aptitudes, cargo etc. depending on th e organizational requirements. The functions include in human resource development are act appraisal, training, management development, career planning and development, promotion, demotion and careen and organization development. Compensation This is the process of providing sufficient, equal and fair reward to all employees. The functions include in compensation are Job evaluation, incentives, wage and salary, bonus, fringe benefits, social security and measures. Human Relations It is the process of interaction amongst people. The management can practice different human resource policies to interact with the people. Good relationship will motivate people to do a better furrow In the organization. The functions in human relations include Motivating the employees, developing the communication skills, developing leadership skills, providing comfortable work environment to the people, improving quality of work life of employees and boosting employee morale. Recent trend in human resource management This area is al airs developing. It is advancing at a fast rate. The recent trends in human resource management is Quality of work life, recent techniques of Human resource management and total quality in human resources.In 1989 David Guest describes a human resource prototype according to what he thought. . This model consists of quaternity elementsHuman resource policies and practicesHuman resource outcomesOrganizational outcomesLeadership1. Human resource policies and practices when an organization is introduced there are many policies available in a company. They areOrganization and job designManagement of changeRecruitment, selection and socialisationAppraisal, training and developmentReward systemsCommunicationAccording to this model human resource policies are design to achieve the four key human resource outcomes which explains as the secondly element of this model.2. Human resource outcomes The model include followingsCommitmentQualityFlexibilitySt rategic integrationQuality is not that concern about the quality of manufacturing product or the services provided by the company, it includes the quality of the workforce, the management of the workforce and the human resource policies used in the company. Flexibility is the facility to change the jobs people are doing, working arrangement such as number of hours they are working and the nature of employees contract. Strategic integration is the link between human resource strategy and business organization strategy. Guest explains that integration requires an organizational culture where managers work or share. The cargos have a direct relationship with valued business consequences. He says that commitment is confused and that the relationship between commitment and the performance is difficult to establish. When an employee commitment is higher(prenominal) means that employee is satisfied about the facilities and the way the company treat to employees. When they are satisfied performance will be automatically higher in the organization.3. Organizational outcomes The organizational outcomes include followingHigh job performanceHigh problem solvingHigh innovationLow turnover, absenceHigh cost effectiveness4. Leadership Leadership is the most important element to make all these outcomes success.With the dread of importance of the involvement of HRM for the betterment of an organization, this paper is about the effect of HRM development to the IFS business success.1.1 Aims and objectives of the theaterDuring the recent geezerhood IT sector began to bloom and many leading IT professionals fortified the future of their companies by investing in Sri Lanka. Within few years it begins to expand and now a days it has become a major business sector which support the economy and which provides enormous career opportunities to the younger generation.Latest s show that, over 175 software developments companies are actively operating in Sri Lanka, which are origi nated from both national and international grounds and they are providing services for both the export and domestic markets. Some of these companies and their products are already well recognized and performing extremely well in the IT sector by competing with other foreign markets. Among these, companies like,Millennium breeding Technologies- who not only turned the Colombo stock exchange in Sri Lanka into the worlds first ever event-driven exchange but with their versatile automated trading system have powered the Boston stock exchange among several other clients in the United States, as well as exchanges in Europe, Asia Pacific and AfricaVirtusa Corporation- angiotensin converting enzyme of the fastest growing software services firms in the US with seven years of consecutive growing and the largest technology center based in Sri Lanka and Informatics- a topical anaesthetic company whose telecom product is in operation at the regional sites of some of the worlds leading telec om operators, such as Cable radiocommunication of UK and Millicom of Luxembourg, are leading the way, marking the name of Sri Lanka in the world. Furthermore international names likeIFSfrom Sweden have set up their research and development center employing over 700 people and recently MicrosoftandOraclehave also opened offices in Sri Lanka.graph1 This is an effort to find out the involvement of human resource to the success of Sri Lankan IT sector and how well they are managed for them to get ready to face the future challenges in ever changing world. Taking the IFS Sri Lanka Ltd as the Reference point, the research will focus on interpretation the influence of Human Resource Management on the companys success.Research as a whole, is a process to find an resultant role to a specific question. The initial objectives of this study are to formalize the necessary procedures and questions to be answered, in order to gather the intended information, which will be desirable in finding an answer to the core research question.To achieve the above objectives, following are the outline of the information that will try to gather, to be used in developing proper evaluations conclusions.Actions taken to motivate the employees.Established procedures on providing job blessedness to the employees.The process of developing employee skill and how the company utilize it.How strong is the employee-employer relationshipLevel of performance of the company and how the employees contribute its success.1.2 Company BackgroundIFS, is one of the worlds leading providers of component-based business software developed using open standards. Since 1983, IFS has been a provider of business applications focussed on meeting the needs of selected industries. Basically, IFS operates in two areas lifecycle management, where asset and product lifecycle management are critical issues, and mid market ERP (Enterprise resource planning), which covers distribution and manufacturing in midsize compa nies. Mainly company operates in Europe, the US, the UK, Australia and Asia with the head office situated in Linkoping, Sweden and having the employs about 2,723.Today, IFS is a global software company that helps leading enterprises improve efficiency, cut costs, react swiftly to market conditions, and take advantage of new business opportunities. IFS Applications, IFS suite of more than 60 web-based components, is the only true component-based business solution on the market, allowing deploying the software step by step as companys needs and budget dictate. Using open standards, IFS makes it easier to stay up-to-date with technology and integrate with legacy systems. And only IFS offers total lifecycle management, enabling their customers to maximize profitability over the lifecycles of your products, customers, and assets. IFS superior technology, functionality, and Industry focus have won praise from some of the worlds leading analyst firms. Gartner recognizes IFS as either a vis ionary or a leader in all four of its ERP and asset management Magic Quadrants. Most important, IFS legendary commitment to customer service has never wavered. Today, IFS has an impressive roster of satisfied customers, ranging from mid-size companies to global industry leaders such as PepsiCo, General Electric, Lockheed Martin, General Dynamics, DuPont, Volvo, BMW, Deere Co., and Rockwell Automation.Since the day, IFS was founded, they have wedded a greater importance for the customer service. Therefore today, IFS has become the only enterprise software provider that offers a global product for the mid-market together with local support. IFS has support centres in each country in which it operates, ensuring that you will receive the best customer support anywhere in the world. IFS keep track of your remarkable component configuration patch levels, and customizations, ensuring that the information is available globally to all IFS support centres. Therefore it has become the huge network of all the information inevitable to solve the customer issues without any unnecessary delays.Within the huge IFS network, office in Sri Lanka has a major importance, as it is one of the two IFS R D centres in world and major part of software development is done there, with having more than 700 employees in two local country offices. The focus group for the study is mainly taken from Sri Lankan offices and depending on the opportunities employees from the other locations were involved in the study.1.2.1 Financial HighlightsBased on the IFS Annual report 2008, it illustrate that the company is having growth in every section. Mid 2008, IFS has announced long-term financial targets entailing that, in the next five years, product revenue will double through organic growth and acquisitions, the operating margin will increase to15 percent, the dividend will rise to 50 percent of earnings after tax and surplus liquidity will be used to repurchase shares. Furthermore, report says that IFS has signed 10 largest license discernments during the year had an aggregate value of SKr 141 million where as the corresponding for 2007 was SKr 103 million. A total of 20 license agreements valued at more than US$ 0.5 million each were signed. And In all, 215 (177 in 2007) new customers were added, and 760 (778 in 2007) customers either upgraded or expanded their existing solutions.Annual Net RevenueAnnual Earnings Before Interest Tax (EBIT) ValueNet DebtIn order to summarize the success I have extracted the above three from the report which explains the key factors of companys growth. Net revenue ( 7) amounted to SKr 2,518 million (2,356 in 2007), an increase of 7 percent, which is the highest revenue the company achieved per year for the die hard 4 years. EBIT (Earnings before Interest Tax) value turns out to be Skr, million 154, which is a great turn over compared to the value, SKr million -128 in 2004. Furthermore, as the 9 shows, IFS have succeeded in diminishin g their debts. They have being able to reduce the debts from Skr, million 363 to Skr, million 3, which is a sole evidence for the success of the company.Variation of heart and soul AssetsNumber of employeesWhile concerned of their financial growth, IFS seems dedicated to the expansion of the company. From 2004 to 2008, their asset, as well as number of employees has increased continuously in a interchangeable rate.1.3 Significance of the researchSuccess and development of any company is depends on the level of human resource involvement. Therefore it is most important to maintain motivated and satisfied workforce to obtain the very best results of its investment. Skill development, employer employee relationship, grade pay structure employee benefits are some of the key factor which directly link with the motivation of the work force.Purpose of study is to find out how well the importances of above factors are absorbed in the Sri Lankan IT sector within IFS Sri Lanka Ltd. The research will try to extract the information related to the specific factors and analyze them with the every aspect of the companys performances.1.4 Structure of the Research workWith having the text divided in to the several sections, the dissertation starts with an introduction, which provides the basic understanding of HRM and its functions. It concludes with an overview of the whole thesis including the information helpful for the reader to understand the topic and related facts, we are going to discuss about. The next section is the literature review, which explains relevant theories that will help to support the topic and it is followed by the research methodology which explains the research approach, and how the bugger offs and objectives are planned to achieved. Moreover it, clear explain the methods that used to collect the relevant data and explained the reasons why there are chosen. The result section provides the actual results I have obtained, carrying out the researc h, and within the analysis section, it exploits the information gathered, and structured a comprehensive analysis. Conclusion and Recommendation sections conclude the research with interpreting the gathered data and results obtained in Analysis section, on with the aims and objectives discussed at the beginning and provide the necessary recommendations based on the live facts and exhibit the virtue of the research.1.5 Limitations of researchThe main limitation of this research is getting the irritate to the employees within the selected company. The results would be much meaningful if the researcher is succeeded in involving many individuals as possible. Therefore it would be a greater challenge to formalize an easy and simple method to acquire the relevant information from the employees, to make sure that they dont tactile sensation it as an extra burden. Time can be considered as the other major issue since I have to formalize the whole process with in a very short time period and to make sure it has grasp many individuals as possible.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWJob SatisfactionJob rapture is one of the most important aspects related to the employee management as it is directly related to the performance of an organization. Because of humans tends to listen to the feelings deep in their thoughts, its not enough to full fill every other things, if the employee is not satisfied with what he/she does.Job satisfaction is not same as the motivation but it linked. Job design is aimed to enhance job satisfaction and performance by using different design methods such as Job rotation, job enlargement, job enrichment etc. Job satisfaction can be viewed as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job experience (Lock 1976). When someone is satisfied with his/her job that is job satisfaction, or when any job is fulfilled ones expectation that is job satisfaction. Job satisfaction mainly considers the attitudes and feelings that pe ople have about the work. The Guion (1958) defines morale as the point to which an individuals needs are satisfied and the extent to which the individual perceives that satisfaction as stemming from his total work situation. However there are some features of job satisfaction identified by Paul Spectors (1985) such as, Pay- amount and fairness or equity of salary, Promotion-opportunities and fairness of promotion, Supervision-fairness and competence at managerial tasks by ones supervisor, Benefits- insurance, vacation, and fringe benefits, Contingent procedures-sense of respect, recognition and appreciation.According to While Luthan (1998) there are three important views to job satisfactionJob satisfaction is an emotional thing related to a job that cannot measure.It is headstrong by how well outcome is achieved or exceeds expectationsIt shows some attitudes which can be used to identify how employees think about their job and how they achieve their targets.The factors that affect the job satisfaction of an employee can be divided in to three main areasInternal factorsExternal factorsIndividual factorsInternal, external and individual factors which affect to the job satisfaction are listed in the table. Internal factors are the factors that linked to work but those are not the only factors affecting job satisfaction. External factors are related to work or to the working environment and individual factors mainly consider a person and the persons family and network of friends.Job satisfaction factorsDescriptionInternal Factors Job varietyNumber of skills and depth of knowledge required to do the job AutonomyThe freedom that the employee get to control their own work Goal aimThe freedom that the employees get to set their own targets and the criteria to achieve those targets Feedback and recognitionThe private and public comments that they achieve for their performanceExternal Factors AchievementThe persons success on their job. The trainings, alter equipmen ts, proper education may be the way to increase the achievement and the job satisfaction. Role ambiguity and role conflictsKnowing the position of the work place, responsibilities and agreement between roles. Clarifying the tasks in the job, and the position in the organization. When reduce role ambiguity it lead to job satisfaction OpportunityThe opportunities with the current and the other employers. If employees feel they have fewer opportunities in the current position, then job satisfaction decrease. Job securityThe assurance that employees get to their job Social interactionThe way they deal with the others. The quality and the quantity of the interaction. SupervisionHerzberg explain this as a hygiene factor. The quality of management is affect to the job satisfaction. If the quality is lower, worker can become dissatisfied. Organizational cultureCulture and management style can increase/decrease job satisfaction. Work archivesMatch between work schedule and the employees sch edule. Flexitime may increase the job satisfaction by allowing employee to interface between work life and personal life SeniorityThe time duration that a person has held a position. When people are respect to the seniority, it will increase job satisfaction CompensationThe rewards and the role of moneyIndividual Factors CommitmentThis is the consignment that a person is doing to his/her job. If the actions of researching, selecting and the way he/she doing the job is visible to friends and others, then the person is satisfied. ExpectationsEvery person has some expectation. Basically what people expect in return for work. Job involvementHow important a job in someones life. More the person involved more satisfaction. Effort / reward ratioThis is the rest between the amount they worked and rewards received ComparisonsHow a person can rate the job with someone else jobs. If a person has a good job compared to others they are satisfied. AgeHow old someone, the people who old have mor e work experience, they understand what are the best thing to do, but sometimes they cannot satisfy with their job. junior people have no previous experience which to compare with the current job. So they are satisfied.Table 1There are two main theories of job satisfaction, Variance guess and the model of job characteristics. According to Hackman and Oldham (1975) the variance theory explains that if you want X from your work then you are satisfied to the extent that it provides you with X. The second model explains the causes of job satisfaction are objective characteristics. When the employees are satisfied with their work they tend to work more, they are become more commit to the organization, and they are more productive than previous, they try to achieve their targets in a better way. (Bravendam Research Incorporated, 2002). However job satisfaction association with organizational commitment that was not mentioned in most of the studies was noted by Elangovan (2001). A negat ive association between the job satisfaction, stress and commitment was indicated in his study. According to his study, higher stress leads to lower job satisfaction and this in turn results in lower commitment. Petty et al, (1984) explains that there are three possible links between performance and job satisfaction.1. Satisfaction generates performance2. Performance generates satisfaction3. Satisfaction and performance link indirectly1. Satisfaction generates performanceWhen designing the job it should aim to produce job satisfaction. Then it will optimize worker performance.2. Performance generates satisfactionWhen a person perform well that achievement generates job satisfaction. He/ she feel to do more for their job. So the effort should be made to improve performance then it will increase job satisfaction.3. Satisfaction and performance link indirectlyThese two are linked but under certain conditions.Apart from the above theories, there are successful studies proving the import ance and reach of maintaining a satisfied workforce. The analysis by Vroom (1964) covered 20 studies, in each of which one or measures of job satisfaction or employee attitudes were correlated with one or more criteria of performance.Low salaries, lack of status and social security affect the motivation. When the motivation is low, job satisfaction is low. Lack of job satisfaction is a sign of turnover in an organization. The salaries and benefits which employees can achieve are related to job satisfaction. needManagement is nothing more than motivating other people, is one of the most popular proven principle followed within any kind of organization.Motivation is concerned with the strength and direction of conduct and the factors that influence individuals to behave in certain ways. Individuals are motivated to perform in a specific method based on their perception of the situation. Motivation primarily concerned with what energizes human behaviour, what direct or channels such behaviour, how this behaviour is maintained.Motivation concerns energy, persistence and direction. According to Arnold et al (1991) there are three components of motivation,1. counsellor -what a person is nerve-wracking to do2. Effort how hard a person is trying3. Persistence how long a person keeps on tryingAccording to the diagram felt need creates tension for people. Tensions motivate people to avoid it. The environment will influence to shape people needs and expectations influence the effort. Management can influence employees expectations in a different ways, by offering incentives and setting them specific goals. The persons effort and results can influence the level of performance. The rewards / outcomes are the results achieved. Outcome can come from internal / external environment. Outcomes are always not positive it can be negative as well. If it is negative, they tend to result in employee dissatisfaction / de motivation.There are number of motivation theories which are complementary to one another. The content models in motivation mainly focus on the needs that individuals are trying to satisfy in a situation. The process models focus on how managers can change the situation in a better way to tie satisfaction to performance. Reinforcement theory is as developed by Hull (1951) suggests that successes, in achieving goals and rewards act as positive incentives and reinforce the successful behaviour, which is recurrent the next time a similar need emerges which is coincided with the theory by Taylor (1911), who wrote It is impossible, through any longer period of time, to get workmen to work much harder than the number men around them unless they are assured a large and permanent increase in their pay. In this theory there are four principal techniques available,1. Positive reinforcement If someone encourages the people when they done something they are utilising positive reinforcement.2. Escape/avoidance reinforcement (Negative Reinforcement) This is a form of a reinforcement. It increases the behaviour of a person by taking away something bad. The negative reinforcement is not same as punishment. It is not a form of a punishment.3. defunctness (repeated non reinforcement) Elimination of behaviour4. Punishment Most of the people are not expected to take this kind of an experience. The main idea of punishment is to withhold rewards.Motivation is only likely when a clearly perceived and usable relationship exists between performance and outcome, and the outcome is seen as a means of satisfying needs. This theory was developed by Porter and Lawler (1968) in to a model that follows Vrooms ideas by suggesting that there are two factors determining the effort people put in to their jobs. First the value of the rewards to individuals that they satisfy their needs for security, social esteem, autonomy and self actualization, and the second is that rewards depend on effort, as perceived by individuals.According to Latham and Locke (1979) motivation and performance are higher when individuals are set specific goals, when goals are difficult but accepted, and when there is feedback on performance. Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of needs model in 1940s and still it valid today to understand motivation, management training and personal development. This model explains the responsibility of employers to provide the work place environment which is encourages employees to fulfill their requirements.At the same time he explains needs are interrelated with some other needs that are less understood. Those are, Knowledge needs, understanding needs and aesthetic needs.The relationship of Maslows other needsThe need for knowledge is defined as the desire to build up facts and s. The need for understanding is an fender of the need for knowledge. This involves search for the relationships between things and what they know and it includes the search for meaning. The aesthetic needs are the beautiful things ne ed to be surrounded.According to Maslow all these need

Open Source vs Closed Source Systems

own ancestry vs unkindly Source SystemsINTRODUCTIONFor umpteen age, proprietorship softw atomic number 18 package has been the grand hassle pay polish off single-valued functiond by the commercial softwargon firms. Industry giants like Microsoft proved this st lay outgy to be successful, construct their multibillion dollar empires based on the proprietary packet curriculum. Over the new-made decade, a advanced business approach c each(prenominal)ed open kickoff model which involves contrisolelyors from just astir(predicate) the globe to ready, grapple and distri savee softw atomic number 18 g spurt for free had come into practice (Pal, N Madanmohan, TR., 2002). Although the roots to this practice of sharing code evolved since early 60s, the widespread usage of internet and the engineering wordments in past two decades opened new opportunities for open ascendant proposes (CNET news, 1998). A number of Open Source Softw be (OSS) crossings such as Apache nett server, BIND and SendMail arouse dominated their product categories ever since then (Pal, N Madanmohan, TR., 2002).In the past decade, several researchers (Wheeler, DA., 2007 Mockus, et al., 2000) have taken interest in can buoyvass how open source can buoy be applied to modern business strategies. However, a concern exists that in this part of study that in that location is no demonstr qualified evidence that the practices followed are effective in the business environment (Bitzer Schrder, 2004). For economists like Lerner Tirole (2000), the altruism shown by commercial companies and programmers involved in an open source software project is surprising. They verbalize altruism hasnt played a major role in all some other industry than software. Several others like Freeman Rogers (2008) and Goetz (2003) infringe this statement by illustrating altruism exist in any industry provided there is proper exposure of the problem towards the contri onlying federation. B ut close of the researches skirt open source model realiseed software industry as the base for their studies.1.0 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT1.1 ObjectiveThis project work chargees on the study of the Open Source eco transcription ( mechanical man) how it differs from Closed source sustems such as those surrounding the iPh unmatchable. This project includes the study of the mechanical man Market, (online lively employment store for mechanical man exploiters) masking developers, and which factors developers consider for selecting a electronic computer program for act development. To understand business strategy development trends across mechanical man and iPhone political platforms, we compared the humanoid mart with the iPhone App Store, the leading c everyplace store in current mobile commercialise. orchard apple tree launched an online applications programme market placeplace called the iPhone App Store before launching iPhone 3G. Currently, this store has to a capi taler extent than 195,000 applications. To match or surpass the success of iPhone App Store, apple rivals such as Google and Blackberry introduced their own application transfering stores called Android Market and Blackberry App World respectively. The Android Market is similar to theiPhone App Store or to any other application store it boasts a catalog of applications, operate and tools avail fitted for the substance abuser to purchase download and use. Today, the Android Market similarly has around 49,000 applications. Thus, the resemblance amongst iPhone and Android application stores provide help explain the new challenges faced by these two application stores, and also the demand for these stores in the tightfitting future.This study volition help understand why Android choose Open Source System and why orchard apple tree doesnt, what determines their success, which large companies are today involved in under authentic applications for Android, and which factors they consider for developing an application.1.2 Experimental ProceduresThis project is based on a semi-automatically collected application infobase and surveys to obtain necessary development for proving the hypothesis.(A) Website DataFirstly, application info were collected semi-automatically from the Android Market and iPhone App Store (iTunes store) and other mobile applications re late(a)d websites, for e.g., Androlib.com, iPhoneapplicationlist.com. This gathered application database includes a list of the application categories on both(prenominal) platforms, number of applications in each category, and application information for the selected categories.(B) Interview DataNext, we interviewed mobile application developers to understand and k in a flash their views about Android/iPhone platforms and the ecosystem. To larn in touch with mobile application developers, we attended the mobile conferences where they gather to share their views.(C) Survey DataLastly, all the relevant f acts about application developers from the interview data helped us prepare a survey. This web-based survey was prepared and conducted utiliseSurvey Mon trace.1.3 Resources UtilizedThe main resources used during this project were our industrial advisor, our pedantic reader, Android and iPhone application database, interviews and surveys from mobile application developers.2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 origination of Literature ReviewIn order to achieve success in project implementation, the startle trample is to research and bring forth information already availcapable. During research, we found many articles related to our topic. This paper is based on the content from these articles. We have change integrity this section in iv main areasOverview of the Open Source Operating Systems (Android).Overview of the Closed Source Operating Systems (Apple IOS).Fundamentals behind the Open Source Platform.Introduction to the Smart scream.2.2 Overview of the Open Source Operating Systems (A ndroid).Google has achieved almost social occasion remarkable with its open-source Android operating system. SinceApples iPhonerevolutionised thesmartphonein June 2007, bringing touch classs and a beautiful user hold to the masses, its been without a rival. Sure, theres a dismissalable legion of berry fans, and a few Nokia die-hards, but the critical consensus up until about a year ago was that the iPhones achievements were peerless.EnterAndroid. The free, open-source mobile operating system was introduced to consumers with theHTC day-dream(also k straightwayn as theT-Mobile G1) in late 2008, but didnt start gaining steam until the release of theHTC gunin July 2009. The Hero, armed with a custom user interface called intellect that HTC built in-house, gained rave reviews for its high-end specs and faultless user experience, and come alonged on many critics lists of the best gadgets of 2009. The whispers began Had Google contestd to create a platform that genuinely rivalled the iPhone for the best smartphone experience around?This success is off post to show in the numbers. In February 2010, Google announced that more than 60,000 phones with Android on were shipping each day. The Android App Market is also booming, living accommodations more than 30,000 downloadable applications in March 2010, although thats still comparably minute when practise beside the 185,000 or so Apple has in its App Store. But where once companies had to have an iPhone app, its now understood that they submit to gallop both an iPhone and an Android variant.Manufacturers havent let the opportunity pass them by, either. At the clock age of writing, there are around 35 mobile phones, five launch area PCs, three e-book readers and a netbook easy that come with Android installed a total of about 43 gubbinss. But thats nonhing compared to the amount of gadgets that are purportedly in the kit and boodle. If you tot up the rumours, statements of intent, leaked documents and roadmapped products from manufacturers, you can add at least a nonher 15 smartphones, 19 tablet PCs, two e-book readers and three more netbooks to the pile. When you combine the totals, you hail at a figure of at least 82 Android doojiggers either released or in development.The platform has received quartette major updates since the HTC Dream launched with Android 1.0. Version 1.5 brought camcorder usefulity and the ability to use homescreen widgets. Version 1.6 added voice search and a better Android App Market. Then version 2.0 revamped the user interface, added new, larger screen sizes, as well as navigation support in Google Maps. The latest update is version 2.1, which debuted on theNexus nonpareil a handset built by HTC but to specifications dictated by Google itself. Android 2.1 brings additional homescreens, animated wallpapers and the ability to use voice recognition to type in all text palm genuinely useful if youre in a situation where you cant use an on-scree n keypad, such as when driving. Other devices are starting to appear with version 2.1 as well the Motorola Droid, known as theMilestone in Europe, recently received an update to 2.1, and HTCs forthcoming Legend and Desire handsets come with it installed.Old ironware= no(prenominal)wtricksHowever, the new features available in 2.1 come with increased demand on the relatively weak processors found in most smartphones, particularly in the earlier Android devices. As a result, slightly handsets cant flux later versions of Android at satisfactory speed. Even in those that can, manufacturers have been exceptionally slow at wheeling out updates to their device owners, with HTC still not having delivered any update above 1.5 for its Hero at the time of writing. Its difficult to fault Google for wanting to update its amount of money platform as fast as it can. The problem is that its expiry so fast that manufacturers cant roll out updates to their own software at a speed to match.The issuing for users is that early Android adopters are stuck on two-year contracts looking mournfully at all the fun that new device owners can get, with no familiarity as to whether theyll fifty-fiftytually have find to the new features themselves. This isnt anything new in most cases other manufacturers dont grant older gadget owners access to new features but its tough on Android users in particular because the pace of the updates is so fast. A phone can be out-of-date inside months of its release, and in some cases handsets are still arriving with Android version 1.6 installed.App developers suffer, too. Many of Googles home-grown applications Maps, Earth, Goggles and Gesture Search were initially unaccompanied released for the 2.0 and 2.1 platforms. or so have since gained back compatibility to 1.6, but HTC Hero owners, trial 1.5, still cant use them. App developers have a tough choice to cite support as wide a range of phones as possible, or offer an app with superio r features, but only to those running the latest Android builds.Situationnormal AllforkedupSo what can Google do about the problem? The family is stuck with four slightly different variants of its platform in the wild, and its got a splintered marketplace where one Android user cant necessarily access the alike(p) apps that another can, and its perplexing and frustrating for end users. The obvious appearance ahead is to try and force manufacturers to update the software on their devices.Any device running 1.5 should be able to cope with 1.6, and a 2.0 device forget manage 2.1. While that still leaves the problem of devices that cant quite cope with the most recent updates, Google should be able to merge its four shards into two a set of 1.6 devices and a set of 2.1 devices simplifying the situation somewhat. However, that relies on the truewill and resources of a diverse set of companies, and some of those will only have dipped a toe into the waters of Android, meaning that they might be less keen to start devoting evidentiary staff time to mucking around with operating system updates.So Googles got another trick up its sleeve. Recent rumours suggest that the company, in the upcoming version 2.2 update, is preparation to de-couple the various applications that run on the device from the operating system itself. The browser, email apps, contacts, input methods and various other components will be downloadable and, crucially, updatable through the Android market rather than needing to custodyress for a full OS update to be upgraded. When Google wants to update the Gmail app, it can reasonable push a market update, rather than forcing customers to wait for HTC, Dell, Samsung or other manufacturers to approve it.If Google fails to unify the Android platform, a future looms where Android is stuck in a series of ghettoes, with no guarantee that one Android user will be able to run the akin apps as another unless they buy a new device e genuinely six mo nths. Thats good news for manufacturers, but truly bad news for Google and for consumers. If Google manages the transition successfully however, then a unified (or at least consolidated) platform could be well updated by both Google and phone- runrs, depending on whether the update is a critical security issue or a new feature in an application.Time is pressing. The plenty of Android rests on what Google does everyplace the summer of 2010. Will the platform fall by the wayside, or will it instead grow to be the Windows of smartphones, concernfully rapprochement openness to app developers with a superior user experience and mass-market appeal?On past form, it divulgems foolish to bet against Google.Let us also look at the SORT compend for androidBeing a self declared Google and Android fanboy, Im constantly reading and studying about subvert computing and the mobile marketplace whenever I have the opportunity. Ive tied(p) begun the very first steps of beginning to learn prog ramming Java for the Android platform, although this is a free time endeavor which is going to take quite some time for me to get even the fundamental level of proficiency achieved.2.2.1 prepare Analyses for GOOGLE ANDROIDBut one area where I feel comfortable in discussion and abbreviation is in the business realm, which is why I decided to do a basic bring up analysis for Google Android. It is a tool used in strategic planning to evaluateStrengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities, andThreats involved in a project or business. A companys Strengths and Weaknesses are generally internal, part the Opportunities and Threats are external factors. To spare most of the readers of this analysis, this SWOT is going to be a little less in depth than a typical SWOT analysis. However, it will be detailed enough to outline and discuss what I feel are the key items in each area of the analysis.STRENGTHSThe Google Brand-Google is one of the most well known and respected engineering science companies on the planet. The fact that they are behind the Android platform gives it credibility and viability in the eyeball of say-so partners, vendors, and developers. wile Selection-Unlike the Apple iPhone where you dont have any options of hardware suppliers other than Apple itself, the Android OS is open-source and any hardware manufacturer who chooses to do so can use it on their handset. This gives consumers a large deal of selection from which to choose from while also decreasing the lead time to the use of the latest hardware and technological advances in mobile electronics.Competitive Pricing-The Android OS is very cost effective to develop for since it is open source and the licensing arrangements are very vendor friendly. Thus, handsets utilizing the Android OS tend to be prices very aggressively.Google application and services integration-The fact that the Android platform integrates so many of the Google services and applications into its base only strengthens its sum of money capabilities and usefulness. Google items such as GMAIL, Calendar, Reader, Listen, and of course GPS and Maps to name a few integrate seamlessly with the Android OS and make it very childly for users to synchronize their data across platforms from the backc atomic reactorh to the cloud and mobile platforms.Open Source-The Android OS is built from a Linux base using the JAVA scheduling language. You can go directly to the http//source.android.com website and find the information and source code you need to build a compatible device for Android. Additionally, Android is a core part of the OHA (Open handset Alliance) which is a group of companies working together to develop Android as an open and free mobile platform.Google Assets-The Android team(s) has all the intellectual, economic, and important resources of Google at its disposal to make it a dominant harmonyian in the mobile marketplace.WEAKNESSESMultimedia Support-Unlike the Apple iPhone which has the enormously popu lar iTunes application and marketplace, Android does not have a central or cohesive source of multimedia material nor a centralized player. Although there have been some improvements in applications on the Android platform in this area, at this time there is no the place to go that comes even slightly close to what Apple can offer on this front. However, there are numerous rumors to what simply Google has in store for a music service of its own to be released sometime in late 2010. Whatever it is, it of necessity to be extremely well executed to come close to what iTunes offers Apple iPhone users. The one large asset Google has going for it is YouTube, and their recent declaration ofWebM(VP8) could become a lever for multimedia influence in video delivery for Google and the Android OS.Reliance on hardware makers to upgrade-Apple controls the when and how iPhone users will get not only new hardware, but upgrades to the OS and core functionality. With Android, even when Google relea ses a new version of its OS, it has to wait for the manufacturers to thoroughly test and modify code to make sure it works properly on their specific hardware configuration. Google is addressing this issue as it has announced that it plans to implement more of the core features of its services into the Android OS itself instead of as applications, and to slow down the upgrade releases as the OS matures in the marketplace.Less Mature-Android is not as mature or as pure as the iPhone at this point. It improves with every release, but it hasnt reached the same level of overall user friendliness in its interface that Apple has achieved.Lack of Enterprise Support-Blackberry and even Microsoft still get most of the support when it comes to Enterprise usage. Although both Apple and Google have made some inroads in this marketplace, Android has a very small market share here. It needs to encompass to develop Google Apps and its integration abilities with Microsoft Exchange.OPPORTUNITIESTh e Android OS has a HUGE opportunity to get into the Tablet and e-book reader platform market in effect(p) now. It cannot afford to sit back and watch Apple dominate the tablet market and eat up the market share as it had do when it released the iPhone. To date, that is exactly what is happening as no major hardware mover and shaker has released an Android based tablet which is a fantastic opportunity if it is executed properly. I want one NOW There have been several minor releases of Android tablets over the last few months, but none of them are what I would consider a real product. Either Google itself or someone such as HP, Dell, ASUS, or ACER need to release a killer Android tablet in order for it to gather any traction. These waters only became murkier when HP acquired PALM.Developing Countries-Google has a huge opportunity to develop inexpensive devices using the Android platform in developing countries. The licensing is extremely developer friendly and the upfront cost inve stments are significantly less than other platforms. The integration with so many of Googles other free services is a natural fit in this marketplace.Developer Friendly-Unlike the recent activities of Apple which has alienated and ticked off much of the developer community, developing for Android is very open and developer friendly. Google needs to take this opportunity to help developers continue to monetize their perspirations through improved advertising revenue models and app sales.Growth of smartphone market-The smartphone market is still very immature and there is still a huge amount of growth to take place over the next several years to decade. Google needs to continue to work hard to position itself with its cloud computing applications and services in support of the Android OS. The marriage of these two areas is key to the well-kept growth rate and increased market share potential of the Android platform.Embedded electronic devices-The Android OS has huge potential to be a major player in the enter electronic market as a dominate embedded operating system. With so many devices becoming embedded with smart technologies and connectivity to the cloud, the Android OS is primed to be a major winner there.THREATSiPhone unleashed-If the iPhone is unleashed from the beaten down ATT network and appears on other networks such as Sprint and in particular, Verizon, it could be a real terror to the sustained rate of future market share growth for the Android OS. A significant amount of potential smartphone customers said they would buy an iPhone if it werent on the ATT network. (I was once in this camp, until I discovered the world of Android.)Apple dominance-Apples market share gives it a great influence over developers and old media companies who are dying for a revenue model that will work for them. The ever growing walled garden that Apple is building is a treacherously panacea that the old media companies are holding onto with both hands-the ability to ch arge users for access to premium content. Apples recent changes in policy and functional restrictions make it the type platform to launch such a strategy and recruit the power brokers from this old model. Additionally, the theres an app for that and Im willing to pay for it behavior of Apple iPhone users is of great appeal to developers who suck in the dollar signs in this market. (Ive yet to pay for an application on Android) This gives Apple influence over developers and makes their huge market share very difficult to walking away from, even when they adopt very unfriendly developer policies.Increased Competition-Obviously, companies like RIM and Microsoft are going to fight for their share of the market and arent going to just give up. In particular, the Blackberry platform which still has huge support in the enterprise market.Platform Fragmentation-This is a huge threat to the Android platform. Although I listed the numerous devices as a strength above, the risk of fragmentat ion is a real and significant one. This is why Google has recently put a lot of effort into developing ways to minimize this problem. Google does not want numerous custom version of Android to emerge or fork off from their core platform, which is something you affect in the Linux dispersion network. Google is developing a set of baseline standards for compatibility for its platform. Since Google controls the Android Market, it can maintain significant influence over device vendors to meet the compatibility requirements. If you do a little research on this topic, you will see that Googles standards are fairly rigid, maybe more so than one would expect. Google also plans to adopt aonce-per-yearrelease register as well. None the less, managing this risk is a major and real threat to the Android platform.So there you have it, my basic SWOT analysis for Google Android. One underlying issue I feel is worth noting is that Google does not have to dominate, and as much as so many of us wo uld love to see it, it does not have to beat Apple in market share or any other core metric. The only thing Google needs to do is to make sure there is an open platform large enough in the mobile market for its advertising business. Lets face it Google is not about interchange Android devices. Google is about search and advertising, and Apples closed system was a threat to that model which has become even more self-evident over the last six to nine months of Apple policies and maneuverings. Apple recently announced their own Ad network for the iPhone and iPad which could be viewed as a shot across the bow of Google which puts even more necessity on the Android platforms success. The brighten advantage that Google has going for itself right now is that Apple (Steve Jobs) is either being indignant over what cloud computing actually does and means, or he truly doesnt understand or hasnt figured out how its suppose to work. Considering how intelligent Steve Jobs is, I find it highly unbelievable that the second option is the reason, and that his stubbornness and willingness to maintain personal grudges as the likely culprit.2.3 Overview of the Closed Source Operating Systems (Apple IOS).If theres one company that is the admire of the high-tech community these days, its Apple. Steve Jobs is hailed as a genius CEO and lauded for a string of hit products. Apples market capitalization is over $200 BILLION dollars currently, comfortably ranking it in the top 10 companies in the world by market cap, and just shy of Microsoft for biggest technology company.Everyone wants to understand the secrets of Apples success and hopefully simulate them. The reasons given by people for Apples success are many. The following are a few of the arguments madeVertical integration- Apple owns most of, if not the entire, technology stack for its key products, and thus gives it advantages over other less vertically integrated products.NOTE Vertical integration used to be called being proprietary and was given as the reason for Apples relative lack of success against Microsoft in the OS/PC battles of the 80s and 9os. But phenomenal success has a way of ever-changing peoples minds.Making markets vs. addressing markets- Some claim that Apple doesnt ask people what they need but gives them products they decide theywant.Does anyone NEED an iPhone or iPad? Not really, but a lot of people front to want them.The Cool Factor- Lets face it, Apple does make cool products. Attention to design and detail-fit and finish as they say-really distinguishes Apples products from competitors.Entering markets after theyve positive Contrary to 2 above, some people claim that Apple doesnt make markets but enters existing markets once theyre growing and takes advantage of latent demand.The iPod was not the first digital music player and the iPhone was not the first smart phone, and the iPad is not the first portable computing device. In the case of the iPad, products like the Kindle a nd Netbooks actually paved the way for the market to accept small computing devices, and Apples iPad is riding that wave.Differentiated business models- whether it was iPod+iTunes or the iPhone+App Store, Apple innovates not just on technology, but on the business model. This makes it difficult for competitors to play catch up, let alone overtake Apple once it establishes itself in a dominant position.People care about the experience not technology Apple has always been about the user experience, but for a long time, the majority of the market didnt care about that.The majority of desktop computer users cared about techs and specs. Now the tables have turned, and the majority dont care about the specs, they care about the experience. The iPod, with its 1000 songs in your pocket motto and iTunes which radically simplified purchasing music latched onto the experience wave, and Apple has been riding it ever since.Simple product offerings- Apple has a very clear and simple set of produc ts. Its easy to understand the differences between their products, product families and the various configurations. This makes it easy to buy an Apple product if you want to.A lot of companies vex things unnecessarily. How many iPhone models are there? How many Blackberry models are there? How many Nokia smart phone models are there? See the difference between Apple, RIM and Nokia?The same is true for the iMAc, the iPod and the iPad. Granted, there are actually a number of iPod models (Nano, Shuffle, Touch etc.) but they are very distinct amongst themselves. This cant be said for digital music players from other companies.2.3.1 Apple Competitive AnalysisFuture GoalsApple has been and continues to strain on what its competitors are doing in order to make unnecessary a agonistical strategy. Steve Jobs wanted to create a brand loyal name and to also produce a personalized computer with many features that would give up your life to be easier. Apple needed to keep up with quick pri ce cuts of its competitors personalized computers that were based on other operating systems. They wanted to focus on the rapid technological advances in both hardware and software that would boost their computers performance and provide its own operating systems. By doing so, the iMac-personalized computer was introduced in 1997 and they were able to create the brand loyalty they were looking for. They want to continue to build the brand loyal name and keep giving the consumer what they want to make their lives easier.Current systemSteve Jobs has recognized that many of its competitors have been providing computers that assert heavily on other operating systems to run their computers. For example, Dell computers rely on windows XP, and many of their software products rely on other partys. What Steve Jobs has managed to do is to incorporate its own operating systems, hardware, and software programs for its entire product line. The software that they have created would allow the us er to edit videos, download and play music, edit pictures, etc. with all of their own products and applications. While other competition relied on outside companies introducing their own digital and distribution music product services, subscription services, and free peer-to-peer music services Apple has created a way to counter the constant changing competitive market. They have done so by effectively integrating all three services that its competitors have to choose from by creating the iPod for hardware, iTunes for software, and iTunes Music Store for the third party distribution services. Apple has been able to blow out its reliance on outside companies and to keep on creating specialized programs for consumers.Another factor that has helped keep Apples future thriving is by introducing the Apple Store. Customers are now able to take their products into the store and have an apple specialist examine/work on the products that they are heavily invested in. Most competitors would have the consumer take computer/product to a tech department of a store or would have to send to a third party.Assumptions and Capabilities Apple has done a frightful job of knowing and anticipating what his competitors are doing. Apple was able to develop its iPhone and music player technology into a mobile phone. The Rokr was the mobile phone device that was developed by Motorola. The device contained quality sound and included an advanced camera system. A version of Apples iTunes music store has been developed for the iPhone so users can manage music and can download other applications that Apple has to offer. An Apple consumer can browse the web faster than its competitors. These capabilities make the iPhone ideal for both business and travel. By knowing the competitors moves and capabilities Apple was able to perfect a phone that could offer more programs and applications than any other phone. The company was then able to then focus on the strengths and weakness of its compe tition and compare it to the products they provide. The company believes in the highest quality of products. These products will continue to provide what every customer wants and needs, a computer company that continuously makes life easiOpen Source vs Closed Source SystemsOpen Source vs Closed Source SystemsINTRODUCTIONFor many years, proprietary software has been the dominating business approach used by the commercial software firms. Industry giants like Microsoft proved this strategy to be successful, building their multibillion dollar empires based on the proprietary software platform. Over the past decade, a new business approach called open source model which involves contributors from around the globe to create, share and air software code for free had come into practice (Pal, N Madanmohan, TR., 2002). Although the roots to this practice of sharing code evolved since early 60s, the widespread usage of internet and the technology developments in past two decades opened new o pportunities for open source projects (CNET news, 1998). A number of Open Source Software (OSS) products such as Apache web server, BIND and SendMail have dominated their product categories ever since then (Pal, N Madanmohan, TR., 2002).In the past decade, several researchers (Wheeler, DA., 2007 Mockus, et al., 2000) have taken interest in studying how open source can be applied to modern business strategies. However, a concern exists that in this area of study that there is no substantial evidence that the practices followed are effective in the business environment (Bitzer Schrder, 2004). For economists like Lerner Tirole (2000), the altruism shown by commercial companies and programmers involved in an open source software project is surprising. They stated altruism hasnt played a major role in any other industry than software. Several others like Freeman Rogers (2008) and Goetz (2003) contradict this statement by illustrating altruism exist in any industry provided there is p roper exposure of the problem towards the contributing community. But most of the researches surrounding open source model considered software industry as the base for their studies.1.0 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT1.1 ObjectiveThis project work focuses on the study of the Open Source ecosystem (Android) how it differs from Closed source sustems such as those surrounding the iPhone. This project includes the study of the Android Market, (online mobile application store for Android users) application developers, and which factors developers consider for selecting a platform for application development. To understand business strategy development trends across Android and iPhone platforms, we compared the Android market with the iPhone App Store, the leading application store in current mobile market. Apple launched an online application marketplace called the iPhone App Store before launching iPhone 3G. Currently, this store has more than 195,000 applications. To match or surpass the success of iPhone App Store, Apple rivals such as Google and Blackberry introduced their own application downloading stores called Android Market and Blackberry App World respectively. The Android Market is similar to theiPhone App Store or to any other application store it boasts a catalog of applications,services and tools available for the user to purchase download and use. Today, the Android Market also has around 49,000 applications. Thus, the comparison between iPhone and Android application stores will help explain the new challenges faced by these two application stores, and also the demand for these stores in the near future.This study will help understand why Android choose Open Source System and why Apple doesnt, what determines their success, which large companies are directly involved in developing applications for Android, and which factors they consider for developing an application.1.2 Experimental ProceduresThis project is based on a semi-automatically collected application database and surveys to obtain necessary information for proving the hypothesis.(A) Website DataFirstly, application data were collected semi-automatically from the Android Market and iPhone App Store (iTunes store) and other mobile applications related websites, for e.g., Androlib.com, iPhoneapplicationlist.com. This gathered application database includes a list of the application categories on both platforms, number of applications in each category, and application information for the selected categories.(B) Interview DataNext, we interviewed mobile application developers to understand and know their views about Android/iPhone platforms and the ecosystem. To get in touch with mobile application developers, we attended the mobile conferences where they gather to share their views.(C) Survey DataLastly, all the relevant facts about application developers from the interview data helped us prepare a survey. This web-based survey was prepared and conducted usingSurvey Monkey.1.3 Resou rces UtilizedThe main resources used during this project were our industrial advisor, our academic reader, Android and iPhone application database, interviews and surveys from mobile application developers.2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Introduction of Literature ReviewIn order to achieve success in project implementation, the first step is to research and find information already available. During research, we found many articles related to our topic. This paper is based on the content from these articles. We have divided this section in four main areasOverview of the Open Source Operating Systems (Android).Overview of the Closed Source Operating Systems (Apple IOS).Fundamentals behind the Open Source Platform.Introduction to the Smartphone.2.2 Overview of the Open Source Operating Systems (Android).Google has achieved something remarkable with its open-source Android operating system. SinceApples iPhonerevolutionised thesmartphonein June 2007, bringing touchscreens and a beautiful user experience to the masses, its been without a rival. Sure, theres a small legion of BlackBerry fans, and a few Nokia die-hards, but the critical consensus up until about a year ago was that the iPhones achievements were peerless.EnterAndroid. The free, open-source mobile operating system was introduced to consumers with theHTC Dream(also known as theT-Mobile G1) in late 2008, but didnt start gaining steam until the release of theHTC Heroin July 2009. The Hero, armed with a custom user interface called Sense that HTC built in-house, gained rave reviews for its high-end specs and faultless user experience, and appeared on many critics lists of the best gadgets of 2009. The whispers began Had Google managed to create a platform that genuinely rivalled the iPhone for the best smartphone experience around?This success is starting to show in the numbers. In February 2010, Google announced that more than 60,000 phones with Android on were shipping each day. The Android App Market is also bo oming, housing more than 30,000 downloadable applications in March 2010, although thats still comparably small when set beside the 185,000 or so Apple has in its App Store. But where once companies had to have an iPhone app, its now understood that they need to offer both an iPhone and an Android variant.Manufacturers havent let the opportunity pass them by, either. At the time of writing, there are around 35 mobile phones, five tablet PCs, three e-book readers and a netbook available that come with Android installed a total of about 43 devices. But thats nothing compared to the amount of gadgets that are purportedly in the works. If you tot up the rumours, statements of intent, leaked documents and roadmapped products from manufacturers, you can add at least another 15 smartphones, 19 tablet PCs, two e-book readers and three more netbooks to the pile. When you combine the totals, you arrive at a figure of at least 82 Android devices either released or in development.The platform h as received four major updates since the HTC Dream launched with Android 1.0. Version 1.5 brought camcorder functionality and the ability to use homescreen widgets. Version 1.6 added voice search and a better Android App Market. Then version 2.0 revamped the user interface, added new, larger screen sizes, as well as navigation support in Google Maps. The latest update is version 2.1, which debuted on theNexus One a handset built by HTC but to specifications dictated by Google itself. Android 2.1 brings additional homescreens, animated wallpapers and the ability to use voice recognition to type in all text fields very useful if youre in a situation where you cant use an on-screen keypad, such as when driving. Other devices are starting to appear with version 2.1 as well the Motorola Droid, known as theMilestone in Europe, recently received an update to 2.1, and HTCs forthcoming Legend and Desire handsets come with it installed.Oldhardware=nonewtricksHowever, the new features availa ble in 2.1 come with increased demand on the relatively weak processors found in most smartphones, particularly in the earlier Android devices. As a result, some handsets cant run later versions of Android at satisfactory speed. Even in those that can, manufacturers have been exceptionally slow at rolling out updates to their device owners, with HTC still not having delivered any update above 1.5 for its Hero at the time of writing. Its difficult to fault Google for wanting to update its core platform as fast as it can. The problem is that its going so fast that manufacturers cant roll out updates to their own software at a speed to match.The upshot for users is that early Android adopters are stuck on two-year contracts looking mournfully at all the fun that new device owners can get, with no knowledge as to whether theyll eventually have access to the new features themselves. This isnt anything new in most cases other manufacturers dont grant older gadget owners access to new fea tures but its tough on Android users in particular because the pace of the updates is so fast. A phone can be out-of-date within months of its release, and in some cases handsets are still arriving with Android version 1.6 installed.App developers suffer, too. Many of Googles home-grown applications Maps, Earth, Goggles and Gesture Search were initially only released for the 2.0 and 2.1 platforms. Some have since gained backwards compatibility to 1.6, but HTC Hero owners, running 1.5, still cant use them. App developers have a tough choice to make support as wide a range of phones as possible, or offer an app with superior features, but only to those running the latest Android builds.Situationnormal AllforkedupSo what can Google do about the problem? The company is stuck with four slightly different variants of its platform in the wild, and its got a splintered marketplace where one Android user cant necessarily access the same apps that another can, and its confusing and frustra ting for end users. The obvious way ahead is to try and force manufacturers to update the software on their devices.Any device running 1.5 should be able to cope with 1.6, and a 2.0 device will manage 2.1. While that still leaves the problem of devices that cant quite cope with the most recent updates, Google should be able to merge its four shards into two a set of 1.6 devices and a set of 2.1 devices simplifying the situation somewhat. However, that relies on the goodwill and resources of a diverse set of companies, and some of those will only have dipped a toe into the waters of Android, meaning that they might be less keen to start devoting significant staff time to mucking around with operating system updates.So Googles got another trick up its sleeve. Recent rumours suggest that the company, in the upcoming version 2.2 update, is planning to de-couple the various applications that run on the device from the operating system itself. The browser, email apps, contacts, input me thods and various other components will be downloadable and, crucially, updatable through the Android market rather than needing to wait for a full OS update to be upgraded. When Google wants to update the Gmail app, it can just push a market update, rather than forcing customers to wait for HTC, Dell, Samsung or other manufacturers to approve it.If Google fails to unify the Android platform, a future looms where Android is stuck in a series of ghettoes, with no guarantee that one Android user will be able to run the same apps as another unless they buy a new device every six months. Thats good news for manufacturers, but very bad news for Google and for consumers. If Google manages the transition successfully however, then a unified (or at least consolidated) platform could be easily updated by both Google and phone-makers, depending on whether the update is a critical security issue or a new feature in an application.Time is pressing. The fate of Android rests on what Google does over the summer of 2010. Will the platform fall by the wayside, or will it instead grow to be the Windows of smartphones, carefully balancing openness to app developers with a superior user experience and mass-market appeal?On past form, it seems foolish to bet against Google.Let us also look at the SORT analysis for androidBeing a self declared Google and Android fanboy, Im constantly reading and studying about cloud computing and the mobile marketplace whenever I have the opportunity. Ive even begun the very first steps of beginning to learn programming Java for the Android platform, although this is a free time endeavor which is going to take quite some time for me to get even the basic level of proficiency achieved.2.2.1 SWOT Analyses for GOOGLE ANDROIDBut one area where I feel comfortable in discussion and analysis is in the business realm, which is why I decided to do a basic SWOT analysis for Google Android. It is a tool used in strategic planning to evaluateStrengths,Weaknes ses,Opportunities, andThreats involved in a project or business. A companys Strengths and Weaknesses are generally internal, while the Opportunities and Threats are external factors. To spare most of the readers of this analysis, this SWOT is going to be a little less in depth than a typical SWOT analysis. However, it will be detailed enough to outline and discuss what I feel are the key items in each area of the analysis.STRENGTHSThe Google Brand-Google is one of the most well known and respected technology companies on the planet. The fact that they are behind the Android platform gives it credibility and viability in the eyes of potential partners, vendors, and developers.Device Selection-Unlike the Apple iPhone where you dont have any options of hardware suppliers other than Apple itself, the Android OS is open-source and any hardware manufacturer who chooses to do so can use it on their handset. This gives consumers a great deal of selection from which to choose from while also decreasing the lead time to the use of the latest hardware and technological advances in mobile electronics.Competitive Pricing-The Android OS is very cost effective to develop for since it is open source and the licensing arrangements are very vendor friendly. Thus, handsets utilizing the Android OS tend to be prices very aggressively.Google application and services integration-The fact that the Android platform integrates so many of the Google services and applications into its base only strengthens its core capabilities and usefulness. Google items such as GMAIL, Calendar, Reader, Listen, and of course GPS and Maps to name a few integrate seamlessly with the Android OS and make it very simple for users to synchronize their data across platforms from the desktop to the cloud and mobile platforms.Open Source-The Android OS is built from a Linux base using the JAVA Programming language. You can go directly to the http//source.android.com website and find the information and source code you need to build a compatible device for Android. Additionally, Android is a core part of the OHA (Open Handset Alliance) which is a group of companies working together to develop Android as an open and free mobile platform.Google Assets-The Android team(s) has all the intellectual, economic, and influential resources of Google at its disposal to make it a dominant player in the mobile marketplace.WEAKNESSESMultimedia Support-Unlike the Apple iPhone which has the enormously popular iTunes application and marketplace, Android does not have a central or cohesive source of multimedia material nor a centralized player. Although there have been some improvements in applications on the Android platform in this area, at this time there is no the place to go that comes even slightly close to what Apple can offer on this front. However, there are numerous rumors to what exactly Google has in store for a music service of its own to be released sometime in late 2010. Whatever it is, it n eeds to be extremely well executed to come close to what iTunes offers Apple iPhone users. The one large asset Google has going for it is YouTube, and their recent announcement ofWebM(VP8) could become a lever for multimedia influence in video delivery for Google and the Android OS.Reliance on hardware makers to upgrade-Apple controls the when and how iPhone users will get not only new hardware, but upgrades to the OS and core functionality. With Android, even when Google releases a new version of its OS, it has to wait for the manufacturers to thoroughly test and modify code to make sure it works properly on their specific hardware configuration. Google is addressing this issue as it has announced that it plans to implement more of the core features of its services into the Android OS itself instead of as applications, and to slow down the upgrade releases as the OS matures in the marketplace.Less Mature-Android is not as mature or as polished as the iPhone at this point. It improv es with every release, but it hasnt reached the same level of overall user friendliness in its interface that Apple has achieved.Lack of Enterprise Support-Blackberry and even Microsoft still get most of the support when it comes to Enterprise usage. Although both Apple and Google have made some inroads in this marketplace, Android has a very small market share here. It needs to continue to develop Google Apps and its integration abilities with Microsoft Exchange.OPPORTUNITIESThe Android OS has a HUGE opportunity to get into the Tablet and e-book reader platform market right now. It cannot afford to sit back and watch Apple dominate the tablet market and eat up the market share as it had done when it released the iPhone. To date, that is exactly what is happening as no major hardware mover and shaker has released an Android based tablet which is a fantastic opportunity if it is executed properly. I want one NOW There have been several minor releases of Android tablets over the last few months, but none of them are what I would consider a significant product. Either Google itself or someone such as HP, Dell, ASUS, or ACER need to release a killer Android tablet in order for it to gather any traction. These waters only became murkier when HP acquired PALM.Developing Countries-Google has a huge opportunity to develop inexpensive devices using the Android platform in developing countries. The licensing is extremely developer friendly and the upfront cost investments are significantly less than other platforms. The integration with so many of Googles other free services is a natural fit in this marketplace.Developer Friendly-Unlike the recent activities of Apple which has alienated and ticked off much of the developer community, developing for Android is very open and developer friendly. Google needs to take this opportunity to help developers continue to monetize their efforts through improved advertising revenue models and app sales.Growth of smartphone market-Th e smartphone market is still very immature and there is still a huge amount of growth to take place over the next several years to decade. Google needs to continue to work hard to position itself with its cloud computing applications and services in support of the Android OS. The marriage of these two areas is key to the maintained growth rate and increased market share potential of the Android platform.Embedded electronic devices-The Android OS has huge potential to be a major player in the embedded electronic market as a dominate embedded operating system. With so many devices becoming embedded with smart technologies and connectivity to the cloud, the Android OS is primed to be a major winner there.THREATSiPhone unleashed-If the iPhone is unleashed from the beaten down ATT network and appears on other networks such as Sprint and in particular, Verizon, it could be a real threat to the sustained rate of future market share growth for the Android OS. A significant amount of potenti al smartphone customers said they would buy an iPhone if it werent on the ATT network. (I was once in this camp, until I discovered the world of Android.)Apple dominance-Apples market share gives it a great influence over developers and old media companies who are dying for a revenue model that will work for them. The ever growing walled garden that Apple is building is a false panacea that the old media companies are holding onto with both hands-the ability to charge users for access to premium content. Apples recent changes in policy and functional restrictions make it the ideal platform to launch such a strategy and recruit the power brokers from this old model. Additionally, the theres an app for that and Im willing to pay for it behavior of Apple iPhone users is of great appeal to developers who see the dollar signs in this market. (Ive yet to pay for an application on Android) This gives Apple influence over developers and makes their huge market share very difficult to walk a way from, even when they adopt very unfriendly developer policies.Increased Competition-Obviously, companies like RIM and Microsoft are going to fight for their share of the market and arent going to just give up. In particular, the Blackberry platform which still has huge support in the enterprise market.Platform Fragmentation-This is a huge threat to the Android platform. Although I listed the numerous devices as a strength above, the risk of fragmentation is a real and significant one. This is why Google has recently put a lot of effort into developing ways to minimize this problem. Google does not want numerous custom version of Android to emerge or fork off from their core platform, which is something you see in the Linux distribution network. Google is developing a set of baseline standards for compatibility for its platform. Since Google controls the Android Market, it can maintain significant influence over device vendors to meet the compatibility requirements. If you do a l ittle research on this topic, you will see that Googles standards are fairly rigid, maybe more so than one would expect. Google also plans to adopt aonce-per-yearrelease schedule as well. None the less, managing this risk is a major and real threat to the Android platform.So there you have it, my basic SWOT analysis for Google Android. One underlying issue I feel is worth noting is that Google does not have to dominate, and as much as so many of us would love to see it, it does not have to beat Apple in market share or any other core metric. The only thing Google needs to do is to make sure there is an open platform large enough in the mobile market for its advertising business. Lets face it Google is not about selling Android devices. Google is about search and advertising, and Apples closed system was a threat to that model which has become even more self-evident over the last six to nine months of Apple policies and maneuverings. Apple recently announced their own Ad network for the iPhone and iPad which could be viewed as a shot across the bow of Google which puts even more necessity on the Android platforms success. The clear advantage that Google has going for itself right now is that Apple (Steve Jobs) is either being indignant over what cloud computing actually does and means, or he truly doesnt understand or hasnt figured out how its suppose to work. Considering how intelligent Steve Jobs is, I find it highly unlikely that the second option is the reason, and that his stubbornness and willingness to maintain personal grudges as the likely culprit.2.3 Overview of the Closed Source Operating Systems (Apple IOS).If theres one company that is the envy of the high-tech community these days, its Apple. Steve Jobs is hailed as a genius CEO and lauded for a string of hit products. Apples market capitalization is over $200 BILLION dollars currently, easily ranking it in the top 10 companies in the world by market cap, and just shy of Microsoft for biggest tech nology company.Everyone wants to understand the secrets of Apples success and hopefully emulate them. The reasons given by people for Apples success are many. The following are a few of the arguments madeVertical integration- Apple owns most of, if not the entire, technology stack for its key products, and thus gives it advantages over other less vertically integrated products.NOTE Vertical integration used to be called being proprietary and was given as the reason for Apples relative lack of success against Microsoft in the OS/PC battles of the 80s and 9os. But phenomenal success has a way of changing peoples minds.Making markets vs. addressing markets- Some claim that Apple doesnt ask people what they need but gives them products they decide theywant.Does anyone NEED an iPhone or iPad? Not really, but a lot of people seem to want them.The Cool Factor- Lets face it, Apple does make cool products. Attention to design and detail-fit and finish as they say-really distinguishes Apples products from competitors.Entering markets after theyve developed Contrary to 2 above, some people claim that Apple doesnt make markets but enters existing markets once theyre growing and takes advantage of latent demand.The iPod was not the first digital music player and the iPhone was not the first smart phone, and the iPad is not the first portable computing device. In the case of the iPad, products like the Kindle and Netbooks actually paved the way for the market to accept small computing devices, and Apples iPad is riding that wave.Differentiated business models- whether it was iPod+iTunes or the iPhone+App Store, Apple innovates not just on technology, but on the business model. This makes it difficult for competitors to play catch up, let alone overtake Apple once it establishes itself in a dominant position.People care about the experience not technology Apple has always been about the user experience, but for a long time, the majority of the market didnt care about that.Th e majority of desktop computer users cared about techs and specs. Now the tables have turned, and the majority dont care about the specs, they care about the experience. The iPod, with its 1000 songs in your pocket motto and iTunes which radically simplified purchasing music latched onto the experience wave, and Apple has been riding it ever since.Simple product offerings- Apple has a very clear and simple set of products. Its easy to understand the differences between their products, product families and the various configurations. This makes it easy to buy an Apple product if you want to.A lot of companies complicate things unnecessarily. How many iPhone models are there? How many Blackberry models are there? How many Nokia smart phone models are there? See the difference between Apple, RIM and Nokia?The same is true for the iMAc, the iPod and the iPad. Granted, there are actually a number of iPod models (Nano, Shuffle, Touch etc.) but they are very distinct amongst themselves. Th is cant be said for digital music players from other companies.2.3.1 Apple Competitive AnalysisFuture GoalsApple has been and continues to focus on what its competitors are doing in order to keep a competitive strategy. Steve Jobs wanted to create a brand loyal name and to also produce a personalized computer with many features that would allow your life to be easier. Apple needed to keep up with rapid price cuts of its competitors personalized computers that were based on other operating systems. They wanted to focus on the rapid technological advances in both hardware and software that would boost their computers performance and provide its own operating systems. By doing so, the iMac-personalized computer was introduced in 1997 and they were able to create the brand loyalty they were looking for. They want to continue to build the brand loyal name and keep giving the consumer what they want to make their lives easier.Current StrategySteve Jobs has recognized that many of its comp etitors have been providing computers that rely heavily on other operating systems to run their computers. For example, Dell computers rely on windows XP, and many of their software products rely on other partys. What Steve Jobs has managed to do is to incorporate its own operating systems, hardware, and software programs for its entire product line. The software that they have created would allow the user to edit videos, download and play music, edit pictures, etc. with all of their own products and applications. While other competition relied on outside companies introducing their own digital and distribution music product services, subscription services, and free peer-to-peer music services Apple has created a way to counter the constant changing competitive market. They have done so by effectively integrating all three services that its competitors have to choose from by creating the iPod for hardware, iTunes for software, and iTunes Music Store for the third party distribution services. Apple has been able to eliminate its reliance on outside companies and to keep on creating specialized programs for consumers.Another factor that has helped keep Apples future thriving is by introducing the Apple Store. Customers are now able to take their products into the store and have an apple specialist examine/work on the products that they are heavily invested in. Most competitors would have the consumer take computer/product to a tech department of a store or would have to send to a third party.Assumptions and Capabilities Apple has done a tremendous job of knowing and anticipating what his competitors are doing. Apple was able to develop its iPhone and music player technology into a mobile phone. The Rokr was the mobile phone device that was developed by Motorola. The device contained quality sound and included an advanced camera system. A version of Apples iTunes music store has been developed for the iPhone so users can manage music and can download other appli cations that Apple has to offer. An Apple consumer can browse the web faster than its competitors. These capabilities make the iPhone ideal for both business and travel. By knowing the competitors moves and capabilities Apple was able to perfect a phone that could offer more programs and applications than any other phone. The company was then able to then focus on the strengths and weakness of its competition and compare it to the products they provide. The company believes in the highest quality of products. These products will continue to provide what every customer wants and needs, a computer company that continuously makes life easi

Essay --

Homeostasis in Zostera marina (Eelgrass)Homeostasis, what is it? Homeostasis is the counterweight between systems to keep living organisms alive and healthy. For an organism to maintain homeostasis its clay systems must react and respond to changes in both its internal and external environments. Majority of consistency systems in organisms, like a respiratory or circulative system in animals, are part of their internal environment. One body system that is very important for maintaining homeostasis and is common among many organisms is a respiratory system. The respiratory system is responsible for disposing of carbon dioxide and in taking oxygen (vice versa for plants). Some parts that catch up a respiratory system are the lungs, windpipe, and cilia in animals. Another body system important to homeostasis and common among animals is a circulatory system, used for bringing nutrients like glucose and oxygen to body cells. Some parts that make up a circulatory system are a heart, b lood, and tubes for the blood to travel through (veins, arteries, and capillaries) in animals. There are many more body systems important to homeostasis, but if one is disrupted its vital for it to be restored to normal.It is very important for organisms to maintain homeostasis because when its disrupted that could cause other systems to go out of balance, which may result in damage in the organism. Homeostasis can be disrupted in many ways like when a gentleman is sick. When a human is sick it starts in the immune system and depending on the intensity of the sickness it can cause other things like water balance and body temperature to go awry which would affect other systems. Another scenario when homeostasis is disrupted is when a plants water level is low and it wilts... ...hroughout the Eelgrass. Excess water in the pretend of vapor is disposed of through stomata on the leaves. The gas supercede, root, and shoot systems are used in this exchange because the stomata release t he excess water in the piddle of water vapor, which was first absorbed by the roots in the root system, then transported through the xylem in the shoot system throughout the eelgrass. Another exchange that goes on in Eelgrass is nutrients to plant cells. Again the gas exchange, root, and shoot systems are used. Nutrients are absorbed by the roots and made through photosynthesis stomata get through in carbon dioxide which is used along with light, water, and other nutrients previously stored to make more. Nutrients are carried throughout the plant to plant cells by the phloem. Homeostasis is the balance of systems in organisms and its very important to keep them in balance.

Postmodernism :: essays papers

PostmodernismWith the end of colonialism and the emergence of a seemingly new world order, there raised a demand that research be useful and relevant, indicating that friendship for its own sake was insufficient. As a result of this, what emerged was a new focus on development and modernization in the form of postmodernism. In these changing times, anthropology has come into extend to with a variety of evolving concepts, including hybridity, montage, fluidity, and deconstruction. The question remains, how these concepts reflect the social, cultural and political changes that are occurring in study of anthropology today.Postmodernism is an intellectual movement that promotes itself as the antithesis of modernism, resulting from the intensification, radicalization, or transformation of the processes of modernity. (Barfield, 368) The confines was introduced in the late 1940s, however, the turn towards, if not the origin of postmodernism in anthropolo gy, can be traced to a single publication Writing Culture (1986). It consisted of contributions from nine scholars, modify by Clifford and Marcus, and attempted to sketch out the basic premise of the postmodern perspective. (Harris, 153) Anthropologist are forced to contend with the changes created by postmodernism in a variety of ways, stem with the challenge to anthropological authority. It is felt by many that it is incredibly arrogant for anthropologists to assume that they have both the capacity and mandate to dissect, interpret and describe the lives of tidy sum in other cultures, given the power and wealth imbalance of the colonial past, leaving the other unable to speak for him/herself. This argument finds itself in the whole West vs. Rest spectrum, claiming that because of the nature in which traditional ethnologist where carried out, ex. Colonial, anglo- whites, ect.., that today, despite the multicultural and ethnically aware world that we li ve in, that anthropologists are not capable of unbiasedly and accurately producing ethnographic work. In part, there tinct is founded. To my knowledge, there rests no undocumented peoples on the planet, as such, ethnologies today focus on sub-group structure and societal dynamics.