Human Resources in Sri Lankas IT Sector

gentleman Resources in Sri Lankas IT SectorCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONFor an bring forth-up to stand up and expand in the rapidly competitive purlieu dominated by some(prenominal) players, it is paramount for an organization to perform. The organization action would be mea sure enough fit in to several variables such profitability, sales, production quality and market sh be, however, few organizations give prominence for the most cardinal factors which is military man preferences work. concord to HRM commentators retention and ripening of the organization employees argon pivotal for organization carrying out.The everyplaceall purpose of forgiving resource counseling is to ensure that the organization is able to compass their success through people. Ulrich and Lake (1990) states that HRM g all overnances piece of tail be the source of organizational capabilities that allow firms to learn and capitalize on new opportunities. But in the different hand HRM has an ethic al dimension as well, which means it should also concern the rights and necessarily of people in an organization.With the increased competition, globalization, boundless technological advances, -companies atomic number 18 forced to think virtually the factors like HRM, environmentetc to run the extra mile ahead of the new(prenominal)s. Therefore nowadays employers consider investments on the HRM functions be very signifi dissolvet and effective, rather than seeing it as in effect(p) a cost.As it shown above, HRM should be incorporated with each and every function with in an organization. Starting from the recruitment physical process to the training and development, performance appraisal, performance incentives, onward motion system , design of work and working environmentetc should aligned with effective HRM practices as it go out reduce the direct indirect employee grievances which proves in a exceedingly move and pleased workforce, which in turn works on the overall organization performances.When considering the structure of the Human resource counseling, at that place are two categories1. Managerial Functions2. operational functionsFunctions of HRMManagerial Functions Operative FunctionsPlanning Employment Organising Human Resource Directing Development Controlling Compensation Human relations Recent flair in HRM1. Managerial functions It include Planning, organizing, directing and controlling. Planning is the chief(prenominal) activity that a manager has to consider. The management has to decide what to do and how to do to achieve the objective of the organization. wariness uses this process to plan the future of the beau monde, decide what actions they are going to make to avoid difficult problems etc. (Bateman, Snell, 2007). Organizing is established in the internal structure of the organization. It to begin with concerns the flow of information at bottom the comp some(prenominal), division and coordination. Manager has to kn ow what the subordinates can do and what kind of training they need. To achieve the objectives set in the planning process there should be a worthy organization of work. In here the management set the tasks, responsibilities and authorities to the employees. The manager has to discuss the tasks with the employees and has to clarify what to do, how to do and make them understand about the rent out (Allen, G, 1998). Then it is effortless to achieve the objective. Directing is the nigh stage after completing planning and organizing. This is to exe loadion of the plan. It decides the people to achieve the objectives in a correct expression through motif, communication, and leadership. The proper direction of employees will affect the achievement of the objectives. The manager has to have a proper relationship with the employees in the company, and then they can easily direct the employees to achieve the target. Controlling involves checking, verifying and comparing of the actual with the plan that the company set. Actions and operations are modify to identified plans and standards through control. The training programs, conducting interviews, analyzing labor turnover details are some of the controlling functions that a manager can work out. Controlling allows consideration the performance standards within the groups and to do the proper communication.2. Operative functions These activities are associate to specific activities such as, employment, military man resources development, compensation, human relations and recent trends in human resource management. Employment This means securing and employing the people with the relevant qualifications to achieve the organizational objectives. The functions include in employment are, assembly line analysis, human resource planning, recruitment, selection, placement and induction. Human resource development This is the process of improving skills, knowledge, attitudes, aptitudes, cargo etc. depending on th e organizational requirements. The functions include in human resource development are act appraisal, training, management development, career planning and development, promotion, demotion and careen and organization development. Compensation This is the process of providing sufficient, equal and fair reward to all employees. The functions include in compensation are Job evaluation, incentives, wage and salary, bonus, fringe benefits, social security and measures. Human Relations It is the process of interaction amongst people. The management can practice different human resource policies to interact with the people. Good relationship will motivate people to do a better furrow In the organization. The functions in human relations include Motivating the employees, developing the communication skills, developing leadership skills, providing comfortable work environment to the people, improving quality of work life of employees and boosting employee morale. Recent trend in human resource management This area is al airs developing. It is advancing at a fast rate. The recent trends in human resource management is Quality of work life, recent techniques of Human resource management and total quality in human resources.In 1989 David Guest describes a human resource prototype according to what he thought. . This model consists of quaternity elementsHuman resource policies and practicesHuman resource outcomesOrganizational outcomesLeadership1. Human resource policies and practices when an organization is introduced there are many policies available in a company. They areOrganization and job designManagement of changeRecruitment, selection and socialisationAppraisal, training and developmentReward systemsCommunicationAccording to this model human resource policies are design to achieve the four key human resource outcomes which explains as the secondly element of this model.2. Human resource outcomes The model include followingsCommitmentQualityFlexibilitySt rategic integrationQuality is not that concern about the quality of manufacturing product or the services provided by the company, it includes the quality of the workforce, the management of the workforce and the human resource policies used in the company. Flexibility is the facility to change the jobs people are doing, working arrangement such as number of hours they are working and the nature of employees contract. Strategic integration is the link between human resource strategy and business organization strategy. Guest explains that integration requires an organizational culture where managers work or share. The cargos have a direct relationship with valued business consequences. He says that commitment is confused and that the relationship between commitment and the performance is difficult to establish. When an employee commitment is higher(prenominal) means that employee is satisfied about the facilities and the way the company treat to employees. When they are satisfied performance will be automatically higher in the organization.3. Organizational outcomes The organizational outcomes include followingHigh job performanceHigh problem solvingHigh innovationLow turnover, absenceHigh cost effectiveness4. Leadership Leadership is the most important element to make all these outcomes success.With the dread of importance of the involvement of HRM for the betterment of an organization, this paper is about the effect of HRM development to the IFS business success.1.1 Aims and objectives of the theaterDuring the recent geezerhood IT sector began to bloom and many leading IT professionals fortified the future of their companies by investing in Sri Lanka. Within few years it begins to expand and now a days it has become a major business sector which support the economy and which provides enormous career opportunities to the younger generation.Latest s show that, over 175 software developments companies are actively operating in Sri Lanka, which are origi nated from both national and international grounds and they are providing services for both the export and domestic markets. Some of these companies and their products are already well recognized and performing extremely well in the IT sector by competing with other foreign markets. Among these, companies like,Millennium breeding Technologies- who not only turned the Colombo stock exchange in Sri Lanka into the worlds first ever event-driven exchange but with their versatile automated trading system have powered the Boston stock exchange among several other clients in the United States, as well as exchanges in Europe, Asia Pacific and AfricaVirtusa Corporation- angiotensin converting enzyme of the fastest growing software services firms in the US with seven years of consecutive growing and the largest technology center based in Sri Lanka and Informatics- a topical anaesthetic company whose telecom product is in operation at the regional sites of some of the worlds leading telec om operators, such as Cable radiocommunication of UK and Millicom of Luxembourg, are leading the way, marking the name of Sri Lanka in the world. Furthermore international names likeIFSfrom Sweden have set up their research and development center employing over 700 people and recently MicrosoftandOraclehave also opened offices in Sri Lanka.graph1 This is an effort to find out the involvement of human resource to the success of Sri Lankan IT sector and how well they are managed for them to get ready to face the future challenges in ever changing world. Taking the IFS Sri Lanka Ltd as the Reference point, the research will focus on interpretation the influence of Human Resource Management on the companys success.Research as a whole, is a process to find an resultant role to a specific question. The initial objectives of this study are to formalize the necessary procedures and questions to be answered, in order to gather the intended information, which will be desirable in finding an answer to the core research question.To achieve the above objectives, following are the outline of the information that will try to gather, to be used in developing proper evaluations conclusions.Actions taken to motivate the employees.Established procedures on providing job blessedness to the employees.The process of developing employee skill and how the company utilize it.How strong is the employee-employer relationshipLevel of performance of the company and how the employees contribute its success.1.2 Company BackgroundIFS, is one of the worlds leading providers of component-based business software developed using open standards. Since 1983, IFS has been a provider of business applications focussed on meeting the needs of selected industries. Basically, IFS operates in two areas lifecycle management, where asset and product lifecycle management are critical issues, and mid market ERP (Enterprise resource planning), which covers distribution and manufacturing in midsize compa nies. Mainly company operates in Europe, the US, the UK, Australia and Asia with the head office situated in Linkoping, Sweden and having the employs about 2,723.Today, IFS is a global software company that helps leading enterprises improve efficiency, cut costs, react swiftly to market conditions, and take advantage of new business opportunities. IFS Applications, IFS suite of more than 60 web-based components, is the only true component-based business solution on the market, allowing deploying the software step by step as companys needs and budget dictate. Using open standards, IFS makes it easier to stay up-to-date with technology and integrate with legacy systems. And only IFS offers total lifecycle management, enabling their customers to maximize profitability over the lifecycles of your products, customers, and assets. IFS superior technology, functionality, and Industry focus have won praise from some of the worlds leading analyst firms. Gartner recognizes IFS as either a vis ionary or a leader in all four of its ERP and asset management Magic Quadrants. Most important, IFS legendary commitment to customer service has never wavered. Today, IFS has an impressive roster of satisfied customers, ranging from mid-size companies to global industry leaders such as PepsiCo, General Electric, Lockheed Martin, General Dynamics, DuPont, Volvo, BMW, Deere Co., and Rockwell Automation.Since the day, IFS was founded, they have wedded a greater importance for the customer service. Therefore today, IFS has become the only enterprise software provider that offers a global product for the mid-market together with local support. IFS has support centres in each country in which it operates, ensuring that you will receive the best customer support anywhere in the world. IFS keep track of your remarkable component configuration patch levels, and customizations, ensuring that the information is available globally to all IFS support centres. Therefore it has become the huge network of all the information inevitable to solve the customer issues without any unnecessary delays.Within the huge IFS network, office in Sri Lanka has a major importance, as it is one of the two IFS R D centres in world and major part of software development is done there, with having more than 700 employees in two local country offices. The focus group for the study is mainly taken from Sri Lankan offices and depending on the opportunities employees from the other locations were involved in the study.1.2.1 Financial HighlightsBased on the IFS Annual report 2008, it illustrate that the company is having growth in every section. Mid 2008, IFS has announced long-term financial targets entailing that, in the next five years, product revenue will double through organic growth and acquisitions, the operating margin will increase to15 percent, the dividend will rise to 50 percent of earnings after tax and surplus liquidity will be used to repurchase shares. Furthermore, report says that IFS has signed 10 largest license discernments during the year had an aggregate value of SKr 141 million where as the corresponding for 2007 was SKr 103 million. A total of 20 license agreements valued at more than US$ 0.5 million each were signed. And In all, 215 (177 in 2007) new customers were added, and 760 (778 in 2007) customers either upgraded or expanded their existing solutions.Annual Net RevenueAnnual Earnings Before Interest Tax (EBIT) ValueNet DebtIn order to summarize the success I have extracted the above three from the report which explains the key factors of companys growth. Net revenue ( 7) amounted to SKr 2,518 million (2,356 in 2007), an increase of 7 percent, which is the highest revenue the company achieved per year for the die hard 4 years. EBIT (Earnings before Interest Tax) value turns out to be Skr, million 154, which is a great turn over compared to the value, SKr million -128 in 2004. Furthermore, as the 9 shows, IFS have succeeded in diminishin g their debts. They have being able to reduce the debts from Skr, million 363 to Skr, million 3, which is a sole evidence for the success of the company.Variation of heart and soul AssetsNumber of employeesWhile concerned of their financial growth, IFS seems dedicated to the expansion of the company. From 2004 to 2008, their asset, as well as number of employees has increased continuously in a interchangeable rate.1.3 Significance of the researchSuccess and development of any company is depends on the level of human resource involvement. Therefore it is most important to maintain motivated and satisfied workforce to obtain the very best results of its investment. Skill development, employer employee relationship, grade pay structure employee benefits are some of the key factor which directly link with the motivation of the work force.Purpose of study is to find out how well the importances of above factors are absorbed in the Sri Lankan IT sector within IFS Sri Lanka Ltd. The research will try to extract the information related to the specific factors and analyze them with the every aspect of the companys performances.1.4 Structure of the Research workWith having the text divided in to the several sections, the dissertation starts with an introduction, which provides the basic understanding of HRM and its functions. It concludes with an overview of the whole thesis including the information helpful for the reader to understand the topic and related facts, we are going to discuss about. The next section is the literature review, which explains relevant theories that will help to support the topic and it is followed by the research methodology which explains the research approach, and how the bugger offs and objectives are planned to achieved. Moreover it, clear explain the methods that used to collect the relevant data and explained the reasons why there are chosen. The result section provides the actual results I have obtained, carrying out the researc h, and within the analysis section, it exploits the information gathered, and structured a comprehensive analysis. Conclusion and Recommendation sections conclude the research with interpreting the gathered data and results obtained in Analysis section, on with the aims and objectives discussed at the beginning and provide the necessary recommendations based on the live facts and exhibit the virtue of the research.1.5 Limitations of researchThe main limitation of this research is getting the irritate to the employees within the selected company. The results would be much meaningful if the researcher is succeeded in involving many individuals as possible. Therefore it would be a greater challenge to formalize an easy and simple method to acquire the relevant information from the employees, to make sure that they dont tactile sensation it as an extra burden. Time can be considered as the other major issue since I have to formalize the whole process with in a very short time period and to make sure it has grasp many individuals as possible.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWJob SatisfactionJob rapture is one of the most important aspects related to the employee management as it is directly related to the performance of an organization. Because of humans tends to listen to the feelings deep in their thoughts, its not enough to full fill every other things, if the employee is not satisfied with what he/she does.Job satisfaction is not same as the motivation but it linked. Job design is aimed to enhance job satisfaction and performance by using different design methods such as Job rotation, job enlargement, job enrichment etc. Job satisfaction can be viewed as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job experience (Lock 1976). When someone is satisfied with his/her job that is job satisfaction, or when any job is fulfilled ones expectation that is job satisfaction. Job satisfaction mainly considers the attitudes and feelings that pe ople have about the work. The Guion (1958) defines morale as the point to which an individuals needs are satisfied and the extent to which the individual perceives that satisfaction as stemming from his total work situation. However there are some features of job satisfaction identified by Paul Spectors (1985) such as, Pay- amount and fairness or equity of salary, Promotion-opportunities and fairness of promotion, Supervision-fairness and competence at managerial tasks by ones supervisor, Benefits- insurance, vacation, and fringe benefits, Contingent procedures-sense of respect, recognition and appreciation.According to While Luthan (1998) there are three important views to job satisfactionJob satisfaction is an emotional thing related to a job that cannot measure.It is headstrong by how well outcome is achieved or exceeds expectationsIt shows some attitudes which can be used to identify how employees think about their job and how they achieve their targets.The factors that affect the job satisfaction of an employee can be divided in to three main areasInternal factorsExternal factorsIndividual factorsInternal, external and individual factors which affect to the job satisfaction are listed in the table. Internal factors are the factors that linked to work but those are not the only factors affecting job satisfaction. External factors are related to work or to the working environment and individual factors mainly consider a person and the persons family and network of friends.Job satisfaction factorsDescriptionInternal Factors Job varietyNumber of skills and depth of knowledge required to do the job AutonomyThe freedom that the employee get to control their own work Goal aimThe freedom that the employees get to set their own targets and the criteria to achieve those targets Feedback and recognitionThe private and public comments that they achieve for their performanceExternal Factors AchievementThe persons success on their job. The trainings, alter equipmen ts, proper education may be the way to increase the achievement and the job satisfaction. Role ambiguity and role conflictsKnowing the position of the work place, responsibilities and agreement between roles. Clarifying the tasks in the job, and the position in the organization. When reduce role ambiguity it lead to job satisfaction OpportunityThe opportunities with the current and the other employers. If employees feel they have fewer opportunities in the current position, then job satisfaction decrease. Job securityThe assurance that employees get to their job Social interactionThe way they deal with the others. The quality and the quantity of the interaction. SupervisionHerzberg explain this as a hygiene factor. The quality of management is affect to the job satisfaction. If the quality is lower, worker can become dissatisfied. Organizational cultureCulture and management style can increase/decrease job satisfaction. Work archivesMatch between work schedule and the employees sch edule. Flexitime may increase the job satisfaction by allowing employee to interface between work life and personal life SeniorityThe time duration that a person has held a position. When people are respect to the seniority, it will increase job satisfaction CompensationThe rewards and the role of moneyIndividual Factors CommitmentThis is the consignment that a person is doing to his/her job. If the actions of researching, selecting and the way he/she doing the job is visible to friends and others, then the person is satisfied. ExpectationsEvery person has some expectation. Basically what people expect in return for work. Job involvementHow important a job in someones life. More the person involved more satisfaction. Effort / reward ratioThis is the rest between the amount they worked and rewards received ComparisonsHow a person can rate the job with someone else jobs. If a person has a good job compared to others they are satisfied. AgeHow old someone, the people who old have mor e work experience, they understand what are the best thing to do, but sometimes they cannot satisfy with their job. junior people have no previous experience which to compare with the current job. So they are satisfied.Table 1There are two main theories of job satisfaction, Variance guess and the model of job characteristics. According to Hackman and Oldham (1975) the variance theory explains that if you want X from your work then you are satisfied to the extent that it provides you with X. The second model explains the causes of job satisfaction are objective characteristics. When the employees are satisfied with their work they tend to work more, they are become more commit to the organization, and they are more productive than previous, they try to achieve their targets in a better way. (Bravendam Research Incorporated, 2002). However job satisfaction association with organizational commitment that was not mentioned in most of the studies was noted by Elangovan (2001). A negat ive association between the job satisfaction, stress and commitment was indicated in his study. According to his study, higher stress leads to lower job satisfaction and this in turn results in lower commitment. Petty et al, (1984) explains that there are three possible links between performance and job satisfaction.1. Satisfaction generates performance2. Performance generates satisfaction3. Satisfaction and performance link indirectly1. Satisfaction generates performanceWhen designing the job it should aim to produce job satisfaction. Then it will optimize worker performance.2. Performance generates satisfactionWhen a person perform well that achievement generates job satisfaction. He/ she feel to do more for their job. So the effort should be made to improve performance then it will increase job satisfaction.3. Satisfaction and performance link indirectlyThese two are linked but under certain conditions.Apart from the above theories, there are successful studies proving the import ance and reach of maintaining a satisfied workforce. The analysis by Vroom (1964) covered 20 studies, in each of which one or measures of job satisfaction or employee attitudes were correlated with one or more criteria of performance.Low salaries, lack of status and social security affect the motivation. When the motivation is low, job satisfaction is low. Lack of job satisfaction is a sign of turnover in an organization. The salaries and benefits which employees can achieve are related to job satisfaction. needManagement is nothing more than motivating other people, is one of the most popular proven principle followed within any kind of organization.Motivation is concerned with the strength and direction of conduct and the factors that influence individuals to behave in certain ways. Individuals are motivated to perform in a specific method based on their perception of the situation. Motivation primarily concerned with what energizes human behaviour, what direct or channels such behaviour, how this behaviour is maintained.Motivation concerns energy, persistence and direction. According to Arnold et al (1991) there are three components of motivation,1. counsellor -what a person is nerve-wracking to do2. Effort how hard a person is trying3. Persistence how long a person keeps on tryingAccording to the diagram felt need creates tension for people. Tensions motivate people to avoid it. The environment will influence to shape people needs and expectations influence the effort. Management can influence employees expectations in a different ways, by offering incentives and setting them specific goals. The persons effort and results can influence the level of performance. The rewards / outcomes are the results achieved. Outcome can come from internal / external environment. Outcomes are always not positive it can be negative as well. If it is negative, they tend to result in employee dissatisfaction / de motivation.There are number of motivation theories which are complementary to one another. The content models in motivation mainly focus on the needs that individuals are trying to satisfy in a situation. The process models focus on how managers can change the situation in a better way to tie satisfaction to performance. Reinforcement theory is as developed by Hull (1951) suggests that successes, in achieving goals and rewards act as positive incentives and reinforce the successful behaviour, which is recurrent the next time a similar need emerges which is coincided with the theory by Taylor (1911), who wrote It is impossible, through any longer period of time, to get workmen to work much harder than the number men around them unless they are assured a large and permanent increase in their pay. In this theory there are four principal techniques available,1. Positive reinforcement If someone encourages the people when they done something they are utilising positive reinforcement.2. Escape/avoidance reinforcement (Negative Reinforcement) This is a form of a reinforcement. It increases the behaviour of a person by taking away something bad. The negative reinforcement is not same as punishment. It is not a form of a punishment.3. defunctness (repeated non reinforcement) Elimination of behaviour4. Punishment Most of the people are not expected to take this kind of an experience. The main idea of punishment is to withhold rewards.Motivation is only likely when a clearly perceived and usable relationship exists between performance and outcome, and the outcome is seen as a means of satisfying needs. This theory was developed by Porter and Lawler (1968) in to a model that follows Vrooms ideas by suggesting that there are two factors determining the effort people put in to their jobs. First the value of the rewards to individuals that they satisfy their needs for security, social esteem, autonomy and self actualization, and the second is that rewards depend on effort, as perceived by individuals.According to Latham and Locke (1979) motivation and performance are higher when individuals are set specific goals, when goals are difficult but accepted, and when there is feedback on performance. Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of needs model in 1940s and still it valid today to understand motivation, management training and personal development. This model explains the responsibility of employers to provide the work place environment which is encourages employees to fulfill their requirements.At the same time he explains needs are interrelated with some other needs that are less understood. Those are, Knowledge needs, understanding needs and aesthetic needs.The relationship of Maslows other needsThe need for knowledge is defined as the desire to build up facts and s. The need for understanding is an fender of the need for knowledge. This involves search for the relationships between things and what they know and it includes the search for meaning. The aesthetic needs are the beautiful things ne ed to be surrounded.According to Maslow all these need